Veterinary Microbiology

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE VIRUS FROM OUTBREAK CASES IN BALE ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA

Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE VIRUS FROM OUTBREAK CASES IN BALE ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA Muzeyen Mohammadnur Biltu; Bruk Abraha Fitwi Assoc. Prof.); Tesfaye Rufael Chibbsa (PHD) Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle that has rapidly spread from Africa to Europe and Asia, causing significant economic losses. This study aimed to isolate and molecularly detect the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) in three selected districts of the Bale zone, Ethiopia, and assess associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2024 in purposively selected districts. A total of 227 cattle from outbreak areas were examined, of which 13 showed clinical signs of LSD. Additionally, 100 house-holds were surveyed using semi-structured questionnaires to assess knowledge, disease history, and risk factors. Samples collected included skin nodules (n=10), nasal swabs (n=1), and saliva swabs (n=2). Virus isolation was performed using the Vero cell line (P-40), followed by molecular detection via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed using SPSS 20, employing descriptive statistics and logistic regression. All 13 samples exhibited cytopathic effects (CPE) consistent with LSDV, and real-time PCR confirmed their positivity. The study revealed morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates of 5.7%, 1.32%, and 23.08%, respectively. Logistic regression identified key risk factors, including lack of vaccination (AOR: 7.46, p = 0.001), introduction of new animals (AOR: 6.146, p = 0.003), and communal watering points (AOR: 6.394, p = 0.027). The study confirmed the presence of LSDV with high case fatality rates in the Bale zone, driven by factors such as unvaccinated herds, new animal introductions, and shared watering sources. Effective disease management, continuous surveillance, and advanced molecular research, such as genome sequencing, are crucial to mitigate the economic impact of LSD, improve outbreak control, and enhance vaccine development. 82p.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS CAUSING CLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY COWS IN GURSUM DISTRICT, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS CAUSING CLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY COWS IN GURSUM DISTRICT, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA Abdinur Mohammed; Dr. Bruk Abraha; Prof. Negussie Bussa The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants against bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cows in Gursum District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Antimicrobial activities of Dolichos oliveri (D. oliveri), Mirabilis jalapa L. (M. jalapa L.), Euphorbia schimperiana (E. shimperiana), and Cyphostemma adenocaule (C. adenocaule) on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus was conducted by Methanol extraction and disc diffusion method measuring the mean zone of inhibition. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC)was determined by serial two-fold dilution using Tube Broth Dilution (broth macrodilution). Data analysis involved one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests using SPSS version 20. Phytochemical analysis identified active compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids, responsible for the antimicrobial properties. Dolichos oliveri exhibited the highest inhibition zone (13.33 ± 0.1 mm) against S. aureus standard strains at 125 mg/ml. D. oliveri and E. shimperiana showed significantly higher (P<0.05) activity against standard strains of S. aureus, E. aerogenes, C. albicans and A. fumigatus at 125 mg/ml than M. jalapa L. On the other hand, M. jalapa L.. had significantly higher activity against C. albicans (P<0.05) at the concentration of 125 mg/ml than all the tested plants. E. shimperiana and C. adenocaule showed significantly higher (p<0.05) activity against the clinical isolate of A. fumigatus at 125 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged from 37.5 mg/ml (E. shimperiana, C. adenocaule, and M. jalapa L) against S. aureus and E. aerogenes to 125 mg/ml (D. oliveri) against S. aureus and C. albicans. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ranged from 100 mg/ml (D. oliveri) against S. aureus to 400 mg/ml (C. adenocaule and M. jalapa L.) against S. aureus and E. aerogenes. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was exhibited only at 200 mg/ml by M. jalapa L.. against A. fumigatus. M. jalapa was the only plant showing anti-fungal activity at MIC value (37.5 mg/ml) against A. fumigatus. It showed selective bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects on E. aerogenes and A. fumigatus. These findings justify the traditional use of the plants for the treatment of mastitis in dairy cows underscoring their promising potential as alternative antimicrobial agents for managing mastitis and other livestock diseases. Therefore, phytochemical isolation and analysis of individual bioactive compounds of plant extracts, their in vivo antimicrobial activities with different extraction solvents and their toxicity levels should be further studied to use them for the development of alternative sources of drugs. 122p.

SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN SMALL RUMINANTS, ITS RISK FACTORS, KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS COMMUNITIES IN GARAWE DISTRICT, SOMALIA

Wed, 01 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT

SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN SMALL RUMINANTS, ITS RISK FACTORS, KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS COMMUNITIES IN GARAWE DISTRICT, SOMALIA Mustafe Mohamed Bile; Dr Ambachew Motbynor; DrYihenew Getahun Brucellosis is an important neglected bacterial zoonotic disease in sub-Saharan Africa, including Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Garawe district, Nugal region, Somalia, from May 2022 to January 2023 to estimate the seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis and assess owners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward brucellosis. A total of 384 sheep and goats were selected using a simple random sampling technique and screened for Brucella antibodies by the Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test, and positive samples were then further confirmed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For the questionnaire survey, 384 households were selected randomly, and a structured questionnaire was used to assess owners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward brucellosis. The overall bru cellosis seroprevalence was 4.7% in small ruminants (95% CI: 2.8-7.3), and the true seroprevalence was calculated as 5.2%. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, sex was found to be a potential risk factor for small ruminant brucellosis (P < .05). More specifically, female sheep and goats were 9.13 times (aOR 9.13, 95% CI: 1.18-70.33) more likely to become seropositive than males. The owners’ knowl edge, attitudes, and practices toward brucellosis were found to be low, and education level was associated with owners’ knowledge (χ2 = 16.78; P < .001), attitudes (χ2 = 19.4; P < .001) and practices (χ2 = 34.0; P < .001). There is also a significant association between owner knowledge, attitudes, and practices and seropositivity of brucellosis in sheep and goats. Moderate seroprevalence, together with insufficient knowledge, attitudes, and practices of owners, makes brucellosis a threat to animals and the entire community. Hence, raising community awareness of the disease is essential to reduce the impact on small ruminant productivity and the risks to public healt 76p.

SERO-PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF INFEC TIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS FOR NON-VACCINATED CHICKEN IN HADIYA AND SILTE ZONES OF CENTRAL ETHIOPIA REGION

Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT

SERO-PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF INFEC TIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS FOR NON-VACCINATED CHICKEN IN HADIYA AND SILTE ZONES OF CENTRAL ETHIOPIA REGION HABTAMU CHERINET HUNDITTO; Dr. Bruk Abraha (DVM, MSc, Associate prof.); Mr. Chala Dima (BVSc, MSc, Associate Researcher) Infectious bronchitis is one of the poultry diseases, which causes production loss due to egg dropping in layer chicken and low meat production in broilers. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hadiya and Silte Zones of the Central Ethiopia Region from November 2023 to April 2024 with the objectives of detecting the sero-prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus, the associated risk factors, and the circulating gene. The blood and swab samples were tested by using the indirect enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay and reverse transcriptase polymerization chain reaction respectively. Closed type of questionnaire was used to interview stock holders for the assessment of associated risk factors on pre-prepared variables. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics, and uni-variable and multivariable logistic re gression. From 384 serum samples, 57.8% (222/384) samples were positive for anti-IBV anti bodies and 16% (2/12) of tracheal swab samples were positive for molecular detection. Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, IBV prevalence was significantly higher in chickens of Werabe Administrative Town of Silte Zone than Shashogo District of Hadiya Zone (p=0.01) and higher in the poorly ventilated farm than in good ventilated one (p<0.001). Based on the production purposes of the chickens, the odds of sero-positivity for IB was signif icantly higher in layers than in broilers (p=0.009). This study revealed higher sero-prevalence in farms which had no litter removed than in farms with litter completely disposed house with a significant difference (p=0.001). In conclusion, the sero-prevalence and molecular findings in the present study indicated that the clue for the presence of infectious bronchitis virus among the population of chickens, which is high enough to affect the poultry production. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures for the poultry houses should be applied. Further stud ies on the virus isolation and molecular characterization of the target gene of the virus in the study area are needed to specify circulating genotype. 85